International Journal of Health and Biological Sciences (IJHBS)
International Journal of Health and Biological Sciences (IJHBS) is an open-access; freely accessible, online and print quarterly peer-reviewed international journal publishes a wide spectrum of advanced research on all medical specialties including ethical and social issues. IJHBS is a gateway to enlighten the latest research/issues happening all around the world of medical and health sciences. The journal publishes original research articles in the form of full-length papers or short communications especially those with multidisciplinary nature. The journal welcomes review articles, mini-reviews, case reports, letter to the editor, guest editorial or commentaries.
Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Fenebrutinib-Loaded Niosomal Gel for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, and systemic complications. Despite the availability of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics, limitations such as systemic toxicity, poor patient compliance, and variable bioavailability persist. Fenebrutinib, a Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor currently under clinical investigation, represents a promising therapeutic candidate for RA due to its targeted immunomodulatory mechanism. However, its oral administration faces challenges of poor bioavailability and systemic side effects. Niosomal gels, composed of non-ionic surfactant vesicles incorporated into a topical gel base, offer a novel drug delivery system with enhanced stability, controlled release, and improved dermal penetration. This review highlights the formulation, optimization, and evaluation strategies for fenebrutinib-loaded niosomal gels, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize RA management by providing localized, sustained, and patient-friendly therapy.
The increasing need for treatments that are safer, more patient-friendly, and more effective has given NDDS significant impetus in recent years. Due to rapid metabolism, enzymatic degradation, or poor permeability across biological barriers, traditional dosage forms frequently fall short of achieving optimal therapeutic levels. In order to address these problems, NDDS uses novel materials and delivery systems that make it easier for medications to overcome physiological obstacles. For instance, hydrophilic and lipophilic medications can be encapsulated in nanocarrier systems like liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles to improve cellular uptake while preventing degradation. Active targeting, in which ligands direct the medication directly to diseased tissues to reduce off-target effects, is made possible by their capacity to be surface-modified. The drawbacks of conventional drug delivery, such as low bioavailability, instability, rapid drug release, and fluctuating plasma concentrations, are addressed by novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), a state-of-the-art technique. This study emphasises the evolution, significance, and applications of NDDS in modern therapies. The article discusses a range of carrier-based systems, including liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and niosomes, as well as transdermal techniques like sonophoresis, osmotic pumps, and microencapsulation. The key features, advantages, disadvantages, and factors influencing NDDS performance are examined. Particular focus is placed on the composition, production processes, and potential for targeted, controlled, and long-term drug delivery of polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. Thanks to advancements, NDDS plays a revolutionary role in improving therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and overall therapy outcome. In a similar vein, sophisticated transdermal delivery methods improve therapeutic consistency by avoiding first-pass metabolism and offering sustained release. The skin barrier is momentarily disrupted by methods like sonophoresis and microneedle arrays, allowing larger or hydrophilic drug molecules to effectively penetrate. Osmotic pumps provide long-lasting and consistent dosing by ensuring controlled release based on osmotic pressure differences. NDDS continues to develop towards precision and personalised medicine as research advances, providing individualised treatments that are in line with the needs of each patient and particular disease profiles. This development emphasises how important NDDS will be in determining how pharmaceutical therapy develops in the future.
Artimisia princeps emulgel: a herbal approach to enhanced topical therapy
Herbal-based topical formulations are gaining prominence as safe and effective alternatives to synthetic drugs. Artemisia princeps, a medicinal plant rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and dermatological properties. Emulgels, combining the dual advantages of emulsionAs and gels, provide enhanced stability, spreadability, and controlled release, making them ideal carriers for plant-derived bioactives. This review highlights the phytochemical profile of A. princeps, its pharmacological activities, and the potential of emulgel formulations in topical therapy. Current evidence suggests that A. princeps emulgels can accelerate tissue repair, reduce inflammation, and improve skin health, though further clinical validation and formulation standardization are required for widespread therapeutic use. Further literature survey also provides the other potentials of phytoconstituents present in Artemisia princeps.
Formulation of Herbal Mint Fresh Toothpaste
The increasing consumer preference for natural, safe, and multifunctional oral care products has accelerated interest in herbal mint fresh toothpaste as an alternative to conventional synthetic dentifrices. Herbal formulations incorporate plant-based ingredients possessing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and breath-freshening properties, including Mentha piperita (peppermint), Mentha arvensis (field mint), Azadirachta indica (neem), Salvadora persica (miswak), Aloe vera, and Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice). Mint oils rich in menthol enhance flavor, impart a cooling sensation, and suppress oral pathogens. Natural abrasives such as calcium carbonate and hydrated silica facilitate effective plaque removal without damaging enamel, while humectants and natural binders maintain paste consistency and stability. Several studies indicate that herbal mint toothpastes demonstrate comparable efficacy to synthetic formulations in reducing dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis, and oral microbial load, with fewer adverse effects such as fluorosis and mucosal irritation. The growing global demand for eco-friendly and chemical-free oral care products further strengthens the market potential of herbal mint formulations. However, challenges remain regarding batch-to-batch variability, standardization of herbal ingredients, stability of essential oils, and regulatory compliance. Overall, herbal mint fresh toothpaste represents a safe, effective, and sustainable approach to oral hygiene with strong prospects for future innovation in natural dentifrices.
A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Wash
Herbal face washes have gained significant attention as safe, effective, and environmentally sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic facial cleansers. These formulations are enriched with plant-based ingredients such as neem (Azadirachta indica), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), and mint (Mentha piperita), which exhibit well-documented antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, soothing, and moisturizing properties. Unlike chemical-based cleansers, herbal face washes provide gentle yet efficient cleansing while maintaining the natural pH and protective barrier of the skin. This review comprehensively highlights the historical evolution of herbal facial cleansing practices, various types of herbal face wash formulations, key formulation components, and commonly employed evaluation parameters. Additionally, the advantages and limitations of herbal face washes are discussed along with recent advancements and future prospects in herbal cosmetic science. The integration of traditional herbal knowledge with modern formulation technology supports the development of safe, effective, and skin-friendly herbal face wash products with growing consumer acceptance. Keywords:
Non-Invasive Imaging of Pediatric Abdominal Tumors: The Role of Ultrasound and Complementary Modalities
Background: Pediatric abdominal tumors present a diagnostic challenge due to nonspecific clinical symptoms and the need to minimize invasive procedures and exposure to ionizing radiation. Imaging is central to early detection, tumor characterization, and clinical management. Objective: To review the role of non-invasive imaging in pediatric abdominal tumors, with a focus on ultrasound as a first-line diagnostic modality, and to compare its utility with other noninvasive techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, emphasizing studies on diagnostic accuracy, safety, and clinical applications of non-invasive imaging in pediatric abdominal tumors. Imaging guidelines, consensus statements, and recent technological advances were included Results: Ultrasound is a highly effective, safe, and accessible first-line imaging tool for initial evaluation. Its real-time imaging, absence of ionizing radiation, and high diagnostic accuracy make it valuable for early detection and follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging provides superior soft-tissue characterization and staging, whereas computed tomography is reserved for selected cases despite radiation concerns. Conclusion: Non-invasive imaging is essential for diagnosing and managing pediatric abdominal tumors. Ultrasound, complemented by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography when indicated, provides a child-safe strategy that improves diagnostic confidence, guides clinical decision-making, and enhances patient outcomes. Advances in technology and standardized imaging protocols are expected to further optimize pediatric tumor evaluation.
Assessing Youth Suicidality Trends Through Digital Phenotyping and Sensor-Based Risk Identification Systems
Youth suicidality remains a critical global mental health challenge, necessitating innovative and data-driven approaches to early detection and intervention. This study examines the emerging role of digital phenotyping and sensor-based risk identification systems in assessing suicidality trends among young populations. By leveraging data from smartphones, wearable devices, and online behavioral patterns, digital phenotyping enables continuous, real-time monitoring of psychological states, including mood variability, social withdrawal, and sleep disturbances. Sensor-based systems further enhance predictive capacity through the integration of machine learning algorithms capable of identifying subtle behavioral anomalies associated with suicidal ideation. The research adopts a multidisciplinary framework, combining insights from computational psychiatry, behavioral science, and artificial intelligence to evaluate the effectiveness, limitations, and ethical implications of these technologies. While findings suggest significant potential for early risk detection and personalized intervention, concerns regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and informed consent remain paramount. The study concludes by highlighting the need for ethically grounded, clinically integrated, and policy-supported implementations to ensure responsible deployment in youth mental health contexts.
Role of Bioceramic Sealers in Enhancing Endodontic Outcomes
Bioceramic sealers have become a breakthrough in endodontics since cements show stronger biology and mechanical benefits over conventional sealers. They possess an outstanding ability to seal a connection and are dimensionally stable and they are bioactive which helps to further enhance treatment outcomes by lowering microleakage and increasing the long-term success of the root filling treatment. Bioceramic sealers also have periapical regenerative, antibacterial properties and enhance fracture resistance of roots that are endodontically treated. Further possibilities of integration of more advanced diagnostic equipment, e.g., cone-beam computed tomography, artificial intelligence only increase the precision and predictability of the evaluation and clinical use of these materials. Biomeric sealers are another critical advancement of the currently evolving endodontic practice that can change its treatment regimens and raise the level of patient care.
Rotary Endodontics in Pediatric Dentistry: Literature Review
Pulpectomy is indicated in primary teeth with carious pulp exposures in which coronal and radicular pulp exhibits clinical signs of hyperemia or evidence of pulp necrosis with or without caries involvement. In primary teeth, it can be challenging and time-consuming, especially during canal preparation, which is considered one of the most important steps in root canal therapy. The development of NiTi rotary files has helped pediatric dentists also. With the availability of rapidly coming versions of these files, it may be difficult to pick appropriate file systems and techniques most suitable for an individual case. Practitionersmust always bear in mind that all file systems have benefits and weaknesses.
Pulmonary Lymphangiomyomatosis in Bourneville’s Tuberous Sclerosis: Case Report
Lymphangiomyomatosisis a rare disease characterized by a proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells responsible for infiltration with the destruction of tissue architecture and genesis of cystic lung and lymphatic lesions. In addition to lung damage, Bourneville’s tuberous sclerosis (BTS) also affects the skin, brain, retina, kidneys, and, less frequently, the heart and bone. We report the case of a young patient with bilateral pneumothorax revealing pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis in the context of Bourneville’stuberoussclerosis BTS.
Objective: This update is concerned on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic that is affecting the globe. The aim of this update is to summarize the up-to-date knowledge about the virus, its way of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Result: The COVID-19 is a public health threat affecting humankind currently after the emergence and spread of the novel coronavirus or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus is believed to have originated from bats and transmitted to humans. Around 1.5 million peoples are confirmed to have the COVID-19 and more than 83000 individuals have died of it by April 8, 2020, all over the world. It is transmitted by inhaling or having contact with droplets. The incubation period ranges from 2-14 days. It manifests mainly with fever, non-productive cough, and dyspnea. The polymerase chain reaction from various samples like throat swabs, nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is used to confirm the diagnosis. High-resolution chest computerized tomography is abnormal in most patients, and typical findings are ground glass patchy opacities on both lungs and sub-segmental consolidation. Treatment is largely supportive. However, trials are ongoing, and chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have got a lot of attention in the battle against COVID-19.
Oral Sustained Release Tablets: An Overview with a Special Emphasis on Matrix Tablet
Among the various routes of drug delivery, oral route is the most preferred route. But conventional dosage form offers a few limitations which could be resolved by modifying the existing dosage form. Sustained and controlled drug delivery system helps in the maintenance of constant plasma drug concentration and retards the release rate of drug, thereby extending the duration of action. There are various formulation strategies for sustained-release tablets, among which matrix tablet serves as an important tool. Hence the problem like poor patient compliance, multiple dosing, see-saw fluctuations can be easily minimized. Matrix tablets can be formulated by either direct compression or wet granulation method by using a variety of hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers. The rate of drug release from the matrix is primarily governed by rate and extent of water penetration, swelling of polymer, dissolution, and diffusion of the drug. Thus, a sustained release matrix tablet can offer better patient compliance and could be quite helpful in the treatment of chronic diseases. The present article concentrates on oral sustained-release tablets with a special emphasis on matrix tablets.
Sepsis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Two Successive Complications of Staphylococcus aureus Infection
The macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and the sepsis are both a condition of hyperinflammation. The differential diagnosis can be difficult. The two pathologies can succeed with each other. The purpose of this literature review is to illustrate these diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties through a reported case of a macrophage activation syndrome secondary to infection (MASI). It was a 42-year-old diabetic man, hospitalized for an acute myositis due to an infection of Staphylococcus aureus. These germs caused a septic shock requiring antibiotic therapy. After an initial clinical improvement, the diagnosis of MASI post-Staphylococcus aureus was retained with a persistence of the inflammatory syndrome and appearance of fever with splenomegaly associated with hepatic cytolysis a 30% decrease in prothrombin time, a mild regenerative anemia without hemophagocytosis. An inflammatory syndrome may have several completely opposite etiologies and pathophysiology. Our case fulfilled both of the criteria of sepsis and MAS. Several signs were common for the two pathologies, but a detailed analysis of the clinical and biological elements lead to the diagnostic orientation.
Allostatic Load: Unique Orientation Towards Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
Health is the potential of a man or a woman to adapt and successfully reply to the dynamic problems of being alive. Disease is the situation in which physiological parameters abruptly finds its way towards abnormal ranges, which fluctuates the homeostatic conditions and tilts towards allostasis, which provides ‘stability via change’, by controlling the set-points of physiological parameters to meet the demands of stress and to acquiesce in with the system. To emphasize, it’s a contribution to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is vital, as many of its predisposing elements show up to exert their outcomes as long-term effects.
Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment with Herbal Prospective
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that places a substantial burden on patients, their families, and society. AD has no cure, but certain drugs are available, which can slow down the disease progression. During the past years, several agents have been approved that enhance cognition and global function of AD patients. The presently available drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are symptomatic only and produce adverse reactions in patients, thereby having limited scope for the treatment of patients of Alzheimer’s syndrome. Herbal therapies for Alzheimer’s disease have become more and more popular in recent years as herbal products have been found to be as effective as prescription drugs but also with fewer side effects. This review reveals that some plants and their part used having anti-Alzheimer’s activity, which is helpful for the researcher to develop new herbal remedies in the treatment and management of Alzheimer‘s disease.
A Review on the Discovery of Different Stem Cells and the Potential Therapies based on these Cells
In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very talented and advanced scientific research topic. The progress of treatment methods has induced great potentials. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The beginning of stem cells is tracked by laboratory steps of skillful stem cell culturing and origin. Quality control and teratoma development assays are essential procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the application of culturing media are crucial to set correct environmental conditions for controlled distinction. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require consideration due to their versatility. Challenges summarize the review that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted wide-reaching. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting-edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for permanent diseases.
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of Metformin HCL using Two Different Polymeric Combinations
This present study was to develop a suitable matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of Metformin HCL using two different polymeric combinations, i.e., hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose (EC). Six matrix patches were prepared by using these polymers using propylene Glycol as plasticizer and vegetable oils (eucalyptus oil) as permeation enhancers in dichloromethane and Methanol(1:1) as a solvent system. The formulations were characterized, including uniformity of weight, drug content, moisture content, moisture uptake, flatness, folding endurance, and thickness to study. The stability of the formulations and in vitro dissolution of the experimental formulations were performed to determine the amount of metformin HCL present in the patches, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the prepared TDDS were taken to see the drug distribution pattern. Drug–excipient interaction studies were carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the drug distribution in the matrix was homogeneous and it was found that the maximum drug release in 24 hrs was with formulation F6 (containing Eucalyptus oil).
Breast Feeding Knowledge and Practices Among Primiparous Women with Caesarean Section: Impact on Breast Engorgement in Upper Egypt
Background: The benefits of breast milk are greatly enhanced if breastfeeding starts within one hour after birth. Hunan milk contains a host of dynamic and unique feeding properties. Breast engorgement is one of the most common minor discomforts confronting nursing women after delivery, especially Primiparous. The aim of the study was to investigate the breastfeeding knowledge and practices among primiparous women with a cesarean section and its impact on breast engorgement in Upper Egypt. The study was conducted in the postnatal unit of Beni-Suef University Hospital. The study design was a descriptive study. The type of sample was a simple random sample. The study comprised 90 Primiparous cesarean section mothers; suffer from breast engorgement. Tools of Data Collection were interview questionnaire sheet, knowledge assessment sheet, observational checklist, and engorgement assessment scale. The study revealed that the studied women’s knowledge and technique of breastfeeding were not adequate among the whole study sample. Breast engorgement was more prevalent among the younger, less educated, housewives, low social class's women and those who were rural dwellers. Recommendation: Providing the mother with guidance and support on positioning and latching and modification of hospital practices are effective in reducing breast problems.
Development and Evaluation of Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Cefadroxil
Hydrogels are cross linked, three-dimensional hydrophilic polymers, which swell without dissolving when brought into contact with water or other biological fluids. The water content which makes hydrogel such a special class of materials is also responsible for their biggest disadvantage of the poor mechanical properties. Hydrogel with better mechanical properties could be obtained through the preparation of interpenetrating polymer network. Interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel of cefadroxil (antibiotic) is prepared by chemical cross linking method using chitosan and poly vinyl pyrrolidone polymers and glutaraldehyde as cross linking agent. Then, the interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel was evaluated. From Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy it was concluded that there is no interaction between exicipients and drug which confirm the stability of the drug in the formulation. In vitro drug release studies shows that interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel formulation controlled the drug release up to 36 hours. From swelling studies it is concluded formulation which is formulated can absorb large amount of water and have good swelling property. X- ray diffraction patterns recorded confirm the amorphous nature of the drug after encapsulating in formulation. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the unswollen interpenetrating polymer hydrogel appeared to be in smooth surface and swollen interpenetrating polymer hydrogel showed roughed nature and porous surface. From the in-vitro release kinetic study it was observed that data was found to fit best into the zero order release model. Stability studies were also conducted and results were found to be stable for six months at 4°C ± 2°C, 25°C±2°C/60%±5% RH and 40°C±2°C/75%±5% RH. The result showed that interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel release the drug in controlled manner for prolong period of time thus maintain the concentration of Cefadroxil in body.
Pharmaceutical Process Validation: A Mini Review
Pharmaceutical Process Validation emphasizes on process design elements and maintaining process control during commercialization and communicate that process validation is an ongoing program and align process validation activities with product lifecycle. According to GMP validation studies are essential part of GMP these are required to be done as per predefined protocols, the minimum that should be validated include process, testing and cleaning as a result such control procedure stablish to monitor the output and validation of manufacturing processes that may be responsible for variability of drug product. The validation study provide the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the test methods employed by the firms, shall be established and documented. Thus the validation is an essential part of the quality assurance.
An Overview on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS)
A Controlled release dosage forms have been extensively used to improve therapy with several important drugs. However, the development processes are faced with several physiological difficulties such as the inability to restrain and localize the system within the desired region of the gastrointestinal tract and the highly variable nature of the gastric emptying process. This variability may lead to unpredictable bioavailability and times to achieve peak plasma levels. The present review addresses briefly about the classification, formulation consideration for GRDDS, factors controlling gastric retention, merits, demerits and applications of gastroretentive drug delivery systems.
Integrative Nursing Science in Women’s Pre-conceptional Wellness
Women's health care has separated childbearing from health promotion and management of chronic health. A critical dimension of an integrative nursing of women's health is bringing together childbearing with women's health during the life span. This integration is needed in areas such as preconception care. When Women's Health Care is viewed as an integrated continuum approach to health, rather than as a series of episodic events, higher levels of women's wellness will be achieved. An integrative science enhances research promoting women's health and patterns of care aimed at disease prevention. This article represents nursing Science in Women’s Pre-conceptional Wellness.
Understanding the lived experiences Caregiving for Children Living with Disabilities in Mukuru Slums, Kenya; Implications for Health and Wellness in Caregiving
Caregivers are entrusted with provision of the needs of those who are incapacitated by disabilities in the society. However, they face many challenges in the process of caregiving. This study investigated the health and wellbeing challenges experienced by caregivers of children living with disabilities and to explore the coping mechanisms employed by caregivers of children living with disability. It adopted descriptive cross-sectional study design and a qualitative phenomenological method of data collection. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect data from sixteen (16) primary caregivers of children with disabilities. Data were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed using Max Qualitative Data Analysis Software Version 12. Authority to collect the data was sought from county government Embakasi Constituency. The study established health consequences of caregiving included physical activity limitations, physical exhausted during caregiving, side effects of some of the medications and risks of developing high blood pressure, ulcers and depression. The study concludes that caregivers of Children Living with Disability face unique social, economic and health and wellbeing experiences. The study therefore recommends programs aimed at addressing such challenges as a necessary public health initiative.
ESTIMATION OF SERUM COPPER AND ZINC LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL SUB MUCOUS FIBROSIS AND ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Trace elements are receiving too much attention as they are found to be significantly altered in head and neck, lung and breast carcinomas, and there is need to develop sensitive, specific and faster tests as an aid in the early diagnosis of the primary tumor and its recurrence or malignant transformation in premalignant states.Aim: To estimate serum copper and zinc levels in Oral Submucous Fibrosisand oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methodology: Sera of OSCC (n = 10) and OSMF (n = 10) patients and of healthy controls was analysed for the estimation of Cu and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: There was an increase in sera levels of Cu while those of Zn were decreased in both Oral Submucous fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients as compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: It could be concluded that there is an alteration of sera levels of these trace elements which can be helpful in early detection and management in OSMF and OSCC patients.
A systematic review on the impact of empowerment in improving self-care behaviors and some other factors in diabetic patients
Introduction: Traditional education seems to be sufficient in meeting the needs related to knowledge of patients, However, by recognizing the impact of psychosocial issues and the environment on patients 'behavior, educational techniques were used to change patients' behavior. And the education approach to diabetic patients has changed, as well as the theory and research on diabetes was introduced. And the focus of the capacity building approach to adapt treatment to self-efficacy and empowerment was changed. Empowerment is a collaborative approach to diabetes care and patient education. This systematic review was conducted with the aim of empowerment in improving self-care behaviors in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: In order to achieve the aim of the study and to improve the accuracy of the study and its comprehensive understanding, this review study was conducted based on the Broome method. This method is carried out in three steps: searching for texts, evaluating data and analyzing data. So, in the search phase, post-retrospective study texts are examined in four stages in terms of inclusion criteria. After obtaining the conditions for entry into the study, the content of the study is evaluated and at the end of the analysis of the data. Results: In this study, 12 articles were reviewed that showed that the empowerment approach of diabetic patients improves self-efficacy and self-care scores and reduces hemoglobin A1C, Improvement of general self-care behaviors, reduction of mean glycosylated hemoglobin and improvement of quality of life, blood glucose control, and so on. Conclusion: In researches done on the empowerment approach of diabetic patients, the importance of empowerment approach is confirmed by increasing control and self-care and improving some other factors in diabetic patients. Therefore, considering the importance of the concept of empowerment as an effective approach to supporting patients with diabetes, it is necessary to consider this approach in further research.
A Comparison of three Methods to Estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Diabetic Patients at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital (Cameroon)
Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) can be done using different methods. The cheaper and most available are those with formulas to determine the estimated GFR. The majority of these formulas have been developed among extra- African populations. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 3 formulas are almost used to estimate GFR which are MDRD, CG and CKD-EPI. This present study was conducted to assess the importance of these formulas as estimators of GFR for diabetic among African Populations. The study was conducted at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital. Only diabetics from 30 to 78 years attending the regional hospital were enrolled in the study. After enrolment, diabetics with very high values of urea and/or creatinine were excluded. We evaluated CG, MDRD and CKD–EPI as estimators of GFR. Creatinine clearance of 24 hours has been considered as gold standard method. 60 participants were included for sex ratio (M/F) 1.5. The average eGFR of diabetics with high Blood Pressure was lower (91.2 ml / min) than diabetics with lower Blood Pressure (102 ml / min) according to ClCr24. A significant correlation (0.975) between MDRD and CKD-EPI was found when measuring eGFR. It was less significant between CG and MDRD (0.663) and; between CG and CKD-EPI (0.729). A strong similarity was noticed between MDRD and CKD-EPI (92%) while it was smaller between MDRD and CG (55%) and between CKD-EPI and CG (63%) when estimating the stage of kidney diseases. Compared to ClCr24, similarity in half results was found with MDRD (50%) and less than half with CKD-EPI (48%) and CG (38%). The study shown higher value of fasting blood glucose of diabetics attending the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital (212.1 ± 83.0 mg / dl) than the normal recommandation (127-144 mg / dl) for diabetic patients. The average value of the eGFR with MDRD (76.6 ± 20.0 mL / min) was closer to CKD-EPI (78.8 ± 20.4 ml / min) (P<0,001 ; X2=0,976). eGFR was lower in diabetics with high Blood Pressure compared to diabetics with low Blood Pressure. Estimation of CKD stages using MDRD and CKD shown significant similarity. In conclusion, CKD-EPI and MDRD estimated better the GFR. MDRD presented values that were closer to the Creatinine clearance of 24 hours. Further studies are needed with more participants to evaluate the best formula between MDRD and CKD-EPI for the estimation of GFR in Sub-Saharan diabetic population.
A Systematic review on the impact of peer education on self-care behaviors of patients
Introduction: One-of-a-kind education methods that are effective in facilitating and improving health and creating an appropriate learning environment are peer education. The peer is a person belonging to the same social group that people believe in terms of their ability to resemble themselves and can have powerful impacts on learning. Use their experiences to provide an educational program to other peers who are in trouble and yet they do not have the necessary skills in the care and control of symptoms associated with the disease. Can be helpful in controlling disease and controlling disease. This systematic review study was conducted to determine the effect of peer education on self-care behaviors in patients. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review Using articles published in the last 25 years on the impact of peer education on patient self-care behaviors. It was conducted in English and Persian by searching articles in search engines, authoritative scientific sites and databases SID, Google Scholar, Embase, Sciencedirect, PubMed, Springer. In the first stage, 39 articles were found. Of these, 10 articles related to the topic published in the last 25 years were reviewed. Results: In this study, aimed at the effect of peer education on self-care behaviors of patients, ten articles were reviewed, the results of one of them, sponsored by peers in the self-care of patients with diabetes, showed that peer education led to increased self-care, proper use of medications and reducing the need for insulin in the peer group is more than controlled.Conclusion: The study showed that peer education seems to be an effective method for reducing anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Therefore, it is recommended to use this educational approach in cardiac surgery to educate patients. Also, the effect of peer education on self-care behaviors in diabetic patients is significant. In addition to the impact of this type of training on the diseases studied in this study, this type of education can be effective in many other diseases as an effective way. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method in further research to reduce anxiety, improve self-care behaviors, and so on in patients.
Traditional medicinal plants as scientifically proven Aphrodisiacs
Aphrodisiac is the word derived from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of sexual, love and beauty.An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent (food or drug) that arouses sexual desire. Current sexual dysfunction therapy lack satisfactory success due to adverse effect, hence patients are seeking complementary and alternative medicine to treat sexual dysfunction. This review reveals that some plants and their extract have aphrodisiac activity, which are helpful for researcher to develop new herbal aphrodisiac formulations. In the recent years (2016-2018), interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased.
Enzymatic Trans-esterification of Phospholipids to Aceto-phospholipid: A Good Surface Active Emulsifier and the Role of Phospholipid in Drug Delivery System
Aceto-phospholipids were prepared enzymatically by incorporating the acetate group at sn-1 or sn-2 position with out acetylating the amine group of phospholipids. There are a sharp change in surface properties after acetylation. At the same time the emulsifying properties of aceto-phospholipids is also remarkable than original soy phospholipids. We have got the separate droplet size distribution pattern of water in oil type of emulsion in presence of different aceto phospholipids compare to original soy phospholipids. The emulsification properties of newly prepared aceto-phospholipids were explained from the HLB values. The biological activities of the aceto-phospholipid were also highlighted here using some reported articles.
Evaluation of standardisation parameters and antioxidant activity of Bergenia ligulata
Berginia ligulata is one of the prominent ayurvedic herb for acute and chronic urinary tract infection [UTI].The present study highlighted the botanical as well as phytochemical studies including parameters such as macroscopic, physiochemical, evaluation and preliminary phytochemical studies of roots. On physiochemical analysis it was found that the powder was soluble in methanol, ethanol and water. It was insoluble in petroleum ether. On phytochemical analysis of aqueous and chloroform extract, it contains alkaloids, Saponin and Flavonoids